Low plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are associated with
increased risks of coronary heart disease. HDL mediates cholesterol efflux from macrophages
for reverse transport to the liver and elicits many anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative
activities which are potentially anti-atherogenic. Nevertheless, HDL has not been
successfully targeted by drugs for prevention or treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
One potential reason is the targeting of HDL cholesterol which does not capture the
structural and functional complexity of HDL particles. Hundreds of lipid species and
dozens of proteins as well as several microRNAs have been identified in HDL. This
physiological heterogeneity is further increased in pathologic conditions due to additional
quantitative and qualitative molecular changes of HDL components which have been associated
with both loss of physiological function and gain of pathologic dysfunction. This
structural and functional complexity of HDL has prevented clear assignments of molecules
to the functions of normal HDL and dysfunctions of pathologic HDL. Systematic analyses
of structure-function relationships of HDL-associated molecules and their modifications
are needed to test the different components and functions of HDL for their relative
contribution in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The derived biomarkers and targets
may eventually help to exploit HDL for treatment and diagnostics of cardiovascular
diseases.
Abbreviations:
ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1), ACS (acute coronary syndrome), ADCY9 (adenylate cyclase 9), apo (apolipoprotein), CAD (coronary artery disease), CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein), CHD (coronary heart disease), CKD (chronic kidney disease), eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase), ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), HDL (high-density lipoproteins), HOCl (hypochlorous acid), IL (interleukin), IVUS (intravascular ultrasound), LCAT (lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase), LDL (low-density lipoproteins), LOX-1 (lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1), miRNA (microRNA), MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase 9), PON1 (paraoxonase 1), rHDL (reconstituted HDL), S1P (sphingosine-1-phosphate), SAA (serum amyloid A), SDMA (symmetric dimethylarginine), SR-BI (scavenger receptor class B type I), TLR (toll-like receptor), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor α), VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1)To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: February 24, 2016
Accepted:
February 17,
2016
Received in revised form:
February 15,
2016
Received:
December 29,
2015
Identification
Copyright
© 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
