Despite a declining trend of mortality seen over the last decades, cardiovascular
disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in the United States. Over the years,
advances in science and technology have facilitated the gain of new knowledge and
discoveries leading to substantial improvement in our understanding of the underlying
disease-causing mechanisms. As a result, CVD is established as a chronic disease caused
by a complex interplay between multiple factors where genetic and environmental influences
play vital roles in shaping its ultimate outcome. Among the many disease-causing factors,
dyslipidemia characterized by elevated levels of atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins
(low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol, small dense LDL particles, triglycerides,
remnant lipoproteins, and so forth) and low levels of antiatherogenic lipoproteins
(high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol) have garnered considerable attention
and been a subject of a long-standing investigation by a large number of biomedical
researchers. Among these various lipid/lipoprotein abnormalities, a low level of HDL
cholesterol is the most commonly observed type in patients with premature CVD,
1
and it has been shown to be a strong, consistent, and independent predictor of incident
cardiovascular events
2
,
3
,
4
and in some cases, a superior predictor of CVD risk when compared to an elevated
level of LDL cholesterol.
5
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Publication history
Published online: March 14, 2016
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