Liquid biopsies examine tumor cells or tumor genomic content in circulating fluids.
In advanced prostate cancer which metastasizes frequently to the bone, it is difficult
to evaluate underlying and evolving genomic heterogeneity of skeletal metastases for
effecting clinical care for which reason liquid biopsies offer an alternate approach.
In this review, we will summarize the current state of a wide variety of liquid biopsy-based
biomarker assays currently being investigated and developed for managing prostate
cancer. We will also highlight technical and clinical challenges and opportunities
for translating liquid biopsies into clinical applications.
Abbreviations:
ARSIs (androgen receptor signaling inhibitors), AA (abiraterone acetate), AR (androgen receptor), BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia), CNV (copy number variation), CRPC (castration resistant prostate cancer), CTC (circulating tumor cells), ctDNA (cell-free circulating tumor DNA), DNA (deoxyribo nucleic acid), DRE (digital rectal examination), E (enzalutamide), EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule), LBD (ligand-binding domain), mCRPC (metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer), mRNAs (messenger ribonucleic acid), miRNAs (micro ribonucleicacid), NGS (next generation sequencing), NHT (novel hormonal therapy), PARP (poly ADP ribose polymerase), PCa (prostate cancer), PSA (prostate specific antigen), qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction), RNA (ribonucleic acid), RAF (rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma)To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Translational ResearchAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- The liquid biopsy for prostate cancer 25 years later.Can J Urol. 2017; 24: 8693-8694
- Portable filter-based microdevice for detection and characterization of circulating tumor cells.Clin Cancer Res. 2010; 16: 5011-5018
- Circulating tumor cells (CTC) detection: clinical impact and future directions.Cancer Lett. 2007; 253: 180-204
- Challenges in circulating tumour cell research.Nat Rev Cancer. 2014; 14: 623-631
- Exosomes–vesicular carriers for intercellular communication.Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2009; 21: 575-581
- Exosomes: extracellular organelles important in intercellular communication.J Proteomics. 2010; 73: 1907-1920
- Tumor exosomes: a double-edged sword in cancer therapy.Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2018; 39: 534-541
- Establishment of tumor-specific copy number alterations from plasma DNA of patients with cancer.Int J Cancer. 2013; 133: 346-356
- Accessing Genetic Information with Liquid Biopsies.Trends Genet. 2015; 31: 564-575
- Integrative clinical genomics of advanced prostate cancer.Cell. 2015; 161: 1215-1228
- A prospective genome-wide study of prostate cancer metastases reveals association of Wnt pathway activation and increased cell cycle proliferation with primary resistance to abiraterone acetate-prednisone.Ann Oncol. 2017;
- The molecular taxonomy of primary prostate cancer.Cell. 2015; 163: 1011-1025
- Recurrent fusion of TMPRSS2 and ETS transcription factor genes in prostate cancer.Science. 2005; 310: 644-648
- Cooperativity of TMPRSS2-ERG with PI3-kinase pathway activation in prostate oncogenesis.Nat Genet. 2009; 41: 524-526
- Exome sequencing identifies recurrent SPOP, FOXA1 and MED12 mutations in prostate cancer.Nat Genet. 2012; 44: 685-689
- Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing.N Engl J Med. 2012; 366: 883-892
- Clinical utility of emerging liquid biomarkers in advanced prostate cancer.Cancer Genet. 2017;
- Plasma genetic and genomic abnormalities predict treatment response and clinical outcome in advanced prostate cancer.Oncotarget. 2015; 6: 16411-16421
- The potential use of cell-free-circulating-tumor DNA as a biomarker for prostate cancer.Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2016; 16: 839-852
- Cell-free DNA and RNA in plasma as a new molecular marker for prostate and breast cancer.Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006; 1075: 235-243
- DNA methylation changes correlate with Gleason score and tumor stage in prostate cancer.DNA Cell Biol. 2012; 31: 187-192
- Measurement of GSTP1 promoter methylation in body fluids may complement PSA screening: a meta-analysis.Br J Cancer. 2011; 105: 65-73
- Quantitative and qualitative analysis of circulating cell-free DNA can be used as an adjuvant tool for prostate cancer screening: a meta-analysis.Dis Markers. 2016; 20163825819
- Circulating tumour-associated plasma DNA represents an independent and informative predictor of prostate cancer.BJU Int. 2006; 98: 544-548
- Serum GADD45a methylation is a useful biomarker to distinguish benign vs malignant prostate disease.Br J Cancer. 2015; 113: 460-468
- Plasma AR and abiraterone-resistant prostate cancer.Sci Transl Med. 2015; 7: 312re10
- A randomized phase II cross-over study of abiraterone + prednisone (ABI) vs enzalutamide (ENZ) for patients (pts) with metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).J Clin Oncol. 2017; 35: 5002
- Genomic alterations in cell-free DNA and enzalutamide resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer.JAMA Oncol. 2016; 2: 1598-1606
- DNA-repair defects and olaparib in metastatic prostate cancer.N Engl J Med. 2015; 373: 1697-1708
- Androgen receptor gene aberrations in circulating cell-free DNA: biomarkers of therapeutic resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer.Clin Cancer Res. 2015; 21: 2315-2324
- Androgen receptor gene status in plasma DNA associates with worse outcome on enzalutamide or abiraterone for castration-resistant prostate cancer: a multi-institution correlative biomarker study.Ann Oncol: Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol. 2017; 28: 1508-1516
- Copy number variations in urine cell free DNA as biomarkers in advanced prostate cancer.Oncotarget. 2016; 7: 35818-35831
- Circulating tumor cells capture disease evolution in advanced prostate cancer.J Transl Med. 2017; 15: 44
- Circulating tumor cell number and prognosis in progressive castration-resistant prostate cancer.Clin Cancer Res. 2007; 13: 7053-7058
- Circulating tumor cell biomarker panel as an individual-level surrogate for survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.J Clin Oncol. 2015; 33: 1348-1355
- Ligand-independent androgen receptor variants derived from splicing of cryptic exons signify hormone-refractory prostate cancer.Cancer Res. 2009; 69: 16-22
- Androgen receptor variant AR-V9 is coexpressed with AR-V7 in prostate cancer metastases and predicts abiraterone resistance.Clin Cancer Res. 2017; 23: 4704-4715
- Clinical significance of androgen receptor splice variant-7 mRNA detection in circulating tumor cells of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with first- and second-line abiraterone and enzalutamide.J Clin Oncol. 2017; 35: 2149-2156
- Expression of AR-V7 in circulating tumour cells does not preclude response to next generation androgen deprivation therapy in patients with castration resistant prostate cancer.Eur Urol. 2017; 71: 1-3
- Nuclear-specific AR-V7 protein localization is necessary to guide treatment selection in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.Eur Urol. 2017; 71: 874-882
- Practical polling for prostate cancer: AR-V7-based treatment selection.Eur Urol. 2017; 71: 883-885
- Has the time arrived for biomarker-directed therapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer?.JAMA Oncol. 2015; 1: 577-579
- Androgen receptor splice variant 7 and efficacy of taxane chemotherapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.JAMA Oncol. 2015; 1: 582-591
- Association of AR-V7 on circulating tumor cells as a treatment-specific biomarker with outcomes and survival in castration-resistant prostate cancer.JAMA Oncol. 2016; 2: 1441-1449
- Serial blood-based analysis of AR-V7 in men with advanced prostate cancer.Ann Oncol. 2015; 26: 1859-1865
- Profiling of circulating microRNAs for prostate cancer biomarker discovery.Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2014; 4: 19-30
- A panel of five circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers for prostate cancer.Prostate. 2012; 72: 1443-1452
- PSA and beyond: alternative prostate cancer biomarkers.Cell Oncol (Dordr). 2016; 39: 97-106
- DD3: a new prostate-specific gene, highly overexpressed in prostate cancer.Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 5975-5979
- APTIMA PCA3 molecular urine test: development of a method to aid in the diagnosis of prostate cancer.Clin Chem. 2006; 52: 1089-1095
- Combining urinary detection of TMPRSS2:ERG and PCA3 with serum PSA to predict diagnosis of prostate cancer.Urol Oncol. 2013; 31: 566-571
- Urine TMPRSS2:ERG fusion transcript stratifies prostate cancer risk in men with elevated serum PSA.Sci Transl Med. 2011; 3: 94ra72
- Association between combined TMPRSS2:ERG and PCA3 RNA urinary testing and detection of aggressive prostate cancer.JAMA Oncol. 2017; 3: 1085-1093
- Microfluidic-based multiplex qRT-PCR identifies diagnostic and prognostic microRNA signatures in the sera of prostate cancer patients.Cancer Res. 2011; 71: 550-560
- Diagnostic and prognostic signatures from the small non-coding RNA transcriptome in prostate cancer.Oncogene. 2012; 31: 978-991
- The detection of androgen receptor splice variant 7 in plasma-derived exosomal RNA strongly predicts resistance to hormonal therapy in metastatic prostate cancer patients.Eur Urol. 2017; 71: 680-687
- Exosomal miR-1290 and miR-375 as prognostic markers in castration-resistant prostate cancer.Eur Urol. 2015; 67: 33-41
- miR-375 induces docetaxel resistance in prostate cancer by targeting SEC23A and YAP1.Mol Cancer. 2016; 15: 70
- Analytical validation and clinical qualification of a new immunohistochemical assay for androgen receptor splice variant-7 protein expression in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.Eur Urol. 2016; 70: 599-608
- Expression of androgen receptor splice variants in prostate cancer bone metastases is associated with castration-resistance and short survival.PLoS One. 2011; 6: e19059
- Circulating tumor DNA analysis in patients with cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology and College of American Pathologists Joint Review.J Clin Oncol. 2018; 36: 1631-1641
- Patient-paired sample congruence between 2 commercial liquid biopsy tests.JAMA Oncol. 2018; 4: 868-870
Article info
Publication history
Published online: May 31, 2018
Accepted:
May 24,
2018
Received in revised form:
May 22,
2018
Received:
March 29,
2018
Identification
Copyright
© 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
