Mitochondria are functionally versatile organelles. In addition to their conventional
role of meeting the cell's energy requirements, mitochondria also actively regulate
innate immune responses against infectious and sterile insults. Components of mitochondria,
when released or exposed in response to dysfunction or damage, can be directly recognized
by receptors of the innate immune system and trigger an immune response. In addition,
despite initiation that may be independent from mitochondria, numerous innate immune
responses are still subject to mitochondrial regulation as discrete steps of their
signaling cascades occur on mitochondria or require mitochondrial components. Finally,
mitochondrial metabolites and the metabolic state of the mitochondria within an innate
immune cell modulate the precise immune response and shape the direction and character
of that cell's response to stimuli. Together, these pathways result in a nuanced and
very specific regulation of innate immune responses by mitochondria.
Abbrevations
- ASC, Apoptosis Associated Speck like protein containing CARD
- ASK1, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1
- ATP, adenosine tri-phosphate
- CAPS, cryopyrin associated periodic syndromes
- CARD, caspase activation and recruitment domain
- Cgas, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase
- CL, cardiolipin
- CLR, C-type lectin receptor
- CREB, cAMP response element binding protein
- DAMP, damage associated molecular pattern
- ESCIT, evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in the toll pathway
- ETC, electron transport chain
- fMet, N-formylated methionine
- FPR, formyl peptide receptor
- HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor
- HMGB1, high mobility group box protein 1
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- JNK, cJUN NH2-terminal kinase
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LRR, leucine rich repeat
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MARCH5, membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 5
- MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral signaling
- MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein
- MFN1/2, mitofusin
- MOMP, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- mROS, mitochondrial ROS
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
- MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88
- NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NBD, nucleotide binding domain
- n-fp, n-formyl peptides
- NFκB, Nuclear factor κ B
- NLR, NOD like receptor
- NOD, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- PAMP, pathogen associated molecular pattern
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-accelerated receptor
- PRRs, pathogen recognition receptors
- RIG-I, retinoic acid inducible gene I
- RLR, retinoic acid inducible gene like receptor
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- STING, stimulator of interferon gene
- TAK1, transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1
- TANK, TRAF family member-associated NFκB activator
- TBK1, TANK Binding Kinase 1
- TCA, Tri-carboxylic acid
- TFAM, mitochondrial transcription factor A
- TLR, Toll Like Receptor
- TRAF6, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6
- TRIF, TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon β
- TUFM, Tu translation elongation factor.
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: August 06, 2018
Accepted:
July 27,
2018
Received in revised form:
July 25,
2018
Received:
April 27,
2018
Identification
Copyright
© 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
