The beautiful and complex brain machinery is perfectly synchronized, and our bodies
have evolved to protect it against a myriad of potential threats. Shielded physically
by the skull and chemically by the blood brain barrier, the brain processes internal
and external information so that we can efficiently relate to the world that surrounds
us while simultaneously and unconsciously controlling our vital functions. When coupled
with the brittle nature of its internal chemical and electric signals, the brain's
“armor” render accessing it a challenging and delicate endeavor that has historically
limited our understanding of its structural and neurochemical intricacies. In this
review, we briefly summarize the advancements made over the past 10 years to decode
the brain's neurochemistry and neuropharmacology in situ, at the site of interest
in the brain, with special focus on what we consider game-changing emerging technologies
(eg, genetically encoded indicators and electrochemical aptamer-based sensors) and
the challenges these must overcome before chronic, in situ chemosensing measurements
become routine.
Abbreviations:
E-AB (electrochemical aptamer-based), ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), FBR (foreign-body reaction), fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), FSCV (fast-scan cyclic voltammetry), GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), GECI (genetically encoded calcium indicators), GEI (genetically encoded indicators), GEVI (genetically encoded voltage-sensitive indicators, PET, positron emission tomography), SELEX (selective evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment)To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: July 13, 2019
Accepted:
July 11,
2019
Received in revised form:
May 20,
2019
Received:
February 28,
2019
Identification
Copyright
© 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
