Due to the ongoing opioid epidemic, innovative scientific perspectives and approaches
are urgently needed to reduce the unprecedented personal and societal burdens of nonmedical
and recreational opioid use. One promising opportunity is to focus on the relationship
between sleep deficiency and opioid use. In this review, we examine empirical evidence:
(1) at the interface of sleep deficiency and opioid use, including hypothesized bidirectional
associations between sleep efficiency and opioid abstinence; (2) as to whether normalization
of sleep deficiency might directly or indirectly improve opioid abstinence (and vice
versa); and (3) regarding mechanisms that could link improvements in sleep to opioid
abstinence. Based on available data, we identify candidate sleep-restorative therapeutic
approaches that should be examined in rigorous clinical trials.
Abbreviations:
5HT (serotonin), CB (cannabinoid), CBD (cannabidiol), CBTi (cognitive behavioral treatment for insomnia), D2 (dopamine receptor 2 subtype), DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version 4), eCB (endocannabinoid), EEG (electroencephalogram), FDA (Food and Drug Administration), GABA (gamma-amino-butyric acid), HEAL (Helping to End Addiction Long Term), IR (immediate release), HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal), MBTi (mindfulness based treatment for insomnia), MOUD (medications for treating opioid use disorder), NIH (National Institutes of Health), NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate), NREM (non-rapid eye movement), OUD (opioid use disorder), OX (orexin), PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), REM (rapid eye movement), rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation), SNS (sympathetic nervous system), SR (sustained release), SUDs (substance use disorders), tACS (transcranial alternating current stimulation), tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation), THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol)To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: March 09, 2021
Accepted:
March 6,
2021
Received in revised form:
February 17,
2021
Received:
December 14,
2020
Identification
Copyright
© 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
