Abstract
Human body fluids have become an indispensable resource for clinical research, diagnosis
and prognosis. Urine is widely used to discover disease-specific glycoprotein biomarkers
because of its recurrently non-invasive collection and disease-indicating properties.
While urine is an unstable fluid in that its composition changes with ingested nutrients
and further as it is excreted through micturition, urinary proteins are more stable
and their abnormal glycosylation is associated with diseases. It is known that aberrant
glycosylation can define tumor malignancy and indicate disease initiation and progression.
However, a thorough and translational survey of urinary glycosylation in diseases
has not been performed. In this article, we evaluate the clinical applications of
urine, introduce methods for urine glycosylation analysis, and discuss urine glycoprotein
biomarkers. We emphasize the importance of mining urinary glycoproteins and searching
for disease-specific glycosylation in various diseases (including cancer, neurodegenerative
diseases, diabetes, and viral infections). With advances in mass spectrometry-based
glycomics/glycoproteomics/glycopeptidomics, characterization of disease-specific glycosylation
will optimistically lead to the discovery of disease-related urinary biomarkers with
better sensitivity and specificity in the near future.
Abbreviations:
A1BG (alpha-1B-glycoprotein), A4GALT (lactosylceramide 4-alpha-galactosyltransferase), AAK1 (AP2-associated protein kinase 1), AD (Alzheimer's disease), ADAM (metallopeptidase), AF (amniotic fluid), AFP (alpha-fetoprotein), AGE (advanced glycation end product), AGP (alpha-1-acid glycoprotein), ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), AMYP (alpha-amylase), APOA1 (apolipoprotein A1), APOC3 (apolipoprotein C3), AUC (area under curve), BALF (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid), BBB (blood-brain barrier), BM (breast milk), CA125 (cancer antigen 125), CA19-9 (cancer antigen 19-9), CCDC132 (coiled-coil domain-containing protein 132), CE (capillary electrophoresis), CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen), CNS (central nervous system), CoA (coenzyme A), Cp (ceruloplasmin), CSF (cerebrospinal fluid), DAC (duodenal adenocarcinomas), DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), DNP (diabetic nephropathy), EIA (enzyme immunoassay), ELISA (enzyme-linked immunoassay), ER (endoplasmic reticulum), EV (extracellular vesicle), FTD (frontotemporal dementia), FUS/TLS (fused in sarcoma/translated in liposarcoma), FUT8 (fucosyltransferase 8), GALNT (polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase), GP2-1 (glycoprotein gp2-1), HA (hemagglutinin), HBF (human body fluid), HBFP (human body fluid proteome), HBP (hexosamine biosynthesis pathway), HCC (hepatocellular carcinomas), HCV (hepatitis C virus), HD (Huntington's disease), HDAC6 (histone deacetylase 6), HILIC (hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography), HPA (human protein atlas), IAV (influenza A virus), IBV (influenza B virus), IGF-2 (insulin-like growth factor 2), IgG (immunoglobulin), IGHV3-15 (immunoglobulin heavy variable 3-15), IGHV3-30 (immunoglobulin heavy variable 3-30), IGHV4-28 (immunoglobulin heavy variable 4-28), IGKJ1 (immunoglobulin kappa joining 1), IGKV1-8 (immunoglobulin kappa variable 1-8), IGKV3D-15 (immunoglobulin kappa variable 3D-15), IGLJ3 (immunoglobulin lambda joining 3), IGLV4-69 (immunoglobulin lambda variable 4-69), IL6 (interleukin-6), ITIH4 (inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4), LC (liquid chromatography), LPS (lipopolysaccharide), LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2), LYVE1 (lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronic acid receptor 1), MALDI (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization), MCI (mild cognitive impairment), MMP14 (matrix metalloproteinase 14), MND (motor neuron disease), MS (mass spectrometry), MWCO (molecular-weight-cutoff filter), NA (neuraminidase), NAF (nipple aspirate fluid), ND (neurodegenerative disease), NMP22 (nuclear matrix protein 22), NR4A2 (nuclear receptor-related factor 1), NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer), NSE (neuron specific enolase), OGA (O-GlcNAcase), O-GIG (O-Glycopeptide immobilization for O-glycosylated peptide enrichment), OGT (O-GlcNAc transferase SQSTM1, sequestosome-1 p75NTR, p75 neurotrophin receptor), PAAC (prostate acinar adenocarcinomas), PC (pancreatic cancer), PCR (polymerase chain reaction), PD (Parkinson's disease), PDAC (pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma), PNGase F (peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase), PRSS1 (serine protease 1), PSA (prostate-specific antigen), PTM (post-translational modification), REG1A (lithostathine-1-alpha), SCC (nipped-B-like protein), SCLC (small cell lung cancer), SERPINA1 (alpha-1-antitrypsin), SHROOM1 (protein shroom1), SLC14A1 (urea transporter 1), sLeX (sialyl lewis X), SqCC (squamous cell carcinoma), T1DM (type 1 diabetes mellitus), T2DM (type 2 diabetes mellitus), TACR3 (neuromedin-K receptor), TCC (transitional cell cancer), TDP-43 (TAR DNA-binding protein 43), TF (tear fluid), TFF1 (trefoil factor 1), TNF (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), Trf (serotransferrin), TSG (tumor-specific glycosylation), TTR (transthyretin), UC (ultracentrifugation), UDP-GlcNAc (uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine), UPK3B (uroplakin-3b)To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
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Article Info
Publication History
Published online: August 08, 2022
Accepted:
August 2,
2022
Received in revised form:
July 28,
2022
Received:
May 19,
2022
Publication stage
In Press Journal Pre-ProofIdentification
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© 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
